A Bill of Quantities (B.O.Q) is a detailed document that lists all the materials, labor, and work required for a construction project along with their quantities and estimated costs. It is prepared based on the project drawings and specifications to help in cost estimation, budgeting, and contractor bidding. The B.O.Q ensures transparency, prevents cost overruns, and allows for fair comparison of contractor bids. It includes item descriptions, unit measurements, quantities, and rates for each work component such as excavation, foundation, masonry, flooring, and finishing. A well-prepared B.O.Q helps in smooth project execution by ensuring accurate material procurement and efficient cost control.